Civil Society Situation Report #14
‘Critical Situation of shelter in context of delayed Early
Recovery Phase’
Table of Contents
Data Sources
v
Primary Data
1. Feedback from
PACF on basis of their field visits.
2. Charter of
demands through Consultations at District level of all concerned stakeholders.
3. Advocacy
Meetings with Government Officials and humanitarian partners/clusters
4. Focus Group
Discussions with Community
5. PDI
Humanitarian Complaints mechanism
v
Secondary Data
1. MSNA Report.
2. 5th
TSSU Report.
3. Current
Shelter updates
4. Situation
reports by different humanitarian partners
5. PDMA/NDMA
summaries and reports
6.
Sphere standards, HAP
standards and Hyogo Framework for Action.
Background
v 95% displaced
flood affected and decamped peoples out of 796,861
returnees gave top priority to the shelter.
v 796,861 houses in thirteen districts are the caseload of Early
Recovery Phase. (468,306 damaged & 328,555 destroyed)
v 59% houses partially damaged and 41% completely unlivable
v 328,555 rain flood affected people are in dire need in thirteen
highly flood affected districts of Sindh
v 1.20 million Women and 2.40 million children are with their
damaged and destroyed houses.
v Inadequate humanitarian funding for shelter/NFIs (Gap52%) and lees
covered relief phase deteriorated situation further.
v 36% (253,661) flood affected population could not avail
winterization items and kitchen items
v Recovery projects were to be started from 1st of the
January as per Government Plan but yet in process.
v Lack of planning and visible strategy by government on shelter
modalities, household level assessment and response for the shelter
v Vulnerable households
headed by women, elderly, chronic ill, child and suffer most.
v 10% inundation situation
v 241 settlements organized by the flood affected peoples on their
own living with 10,379 families and 55,953 individuals
Situation Overview:
Following the 2011 floods and rains in Pakistan, 796,861 houses in
Sindh were damaged (59%) or destroyed (41%). In Balochistan approximately
26,000 houses were reported damaged (65%) or destroyed (35%) (Source: Shelter
Cluster Damage Comparison endorsed by NDMA). It is assumed that 40% of the
total number of affected households (equal to 94% of the households whose house
has been totally destroyed) requires ER Shelter Support to reconstruct or
strengthen their homes.
As per the “Rapid Technical Assessment of Damage and Needs for
Reconstruction in Housing Sector, October 2010, by UN HABITAT, 46% of the
houses in Sindh are made of mud, 34% of adobe and 30% of bricks. In 2011 as
much as 70% of the damaged or destroyed houses were made of mud which shows the
vulnerability of the housing stock in Sindh.
Although 90%1 of the houses in Pakistan are built with the
involvement of masons, many of the houses have not survived the disaster. DRR
specific assessments have been conducted and the field observations have shown
that DRR reinforced structures have survived considerably better than the ones
without. However there remains a knowledge or motivation gap regarding what can
be achieved in terms of improved housing construction at low cost.
In Sindh it is common practice that houses are extended with the
expansion of the family. Usually a dwelling starts with a one-room shelter
which will be expanded when resources allow with a veranda and gradually more
rooms. The average Sindh family, with 6, 3 persons, lives in a 2 room house with
a veranda. The houses are often situated in a fenced compound and connected
with houses of first line family members. Recently the government of Pakistan
has expressed the ambition to support the affected population in the
restoration of their houses and make them more resilient for the future
disasters. The houses will adhere to common culture practices by for instance
allowing the possibility to compartmentalize the shelter in 2 rooms and
accommodate at least preparations for sanitation and cooking facilities. The
typical building season in Sindh takes place between January and July, which is
in line with the recovery period.
An estimated 5.44 people were initially displaced from their homes
by the floods. Many settled in informal and “temporary” settlements (TS) on
elevated land and others in formal camps that were established by the
government and NGO’s ranging in size from individual families to 12,000
individuals. The multi-sector needs assessment completed at the end of October
2011 showed that the number of persons residing in the remaining 5,000 (estimated)
settlements in Sindh, has been reduced to a few temporary settlements. According to the MSDNA the needs in the TS
were significant. 93% of the households indicated that they required blankets,
66% of the TS reported diarrhea, 72% of the TS have no latrines and 75% of the
TS have no official camp management structure. The return process is complete
as per government contrary to the NGOs figure, in January 2012 it is estimated
that there are still around 241 Temporary Settlements with around 10,379 /
55,953 Individuals in Sindh 4(Source: 5th TSSU assessment).
30% of the land in Sindh is owned by landlords and 22% by the
state as waters recede, and the immediately support required for temporary
settlements decreases, the urgency for the displaced people to find durable
solutions increases. Almost 100% the families in the temporary settlement
reported in January that their villages were not accessible. A coordinated
approach can facilitate this process, speeding up the rate of recovery and
thereby saving resources.
Humanitarian
funding faced gap of the 52% in Shelter/NFIs against the flash appeal 2011
during emergency relief phase. Lessons learned from the 2010 particularly in
shelter/NFIs sector are many but some of them are to be kept in eye before
interning in to the sector. It was observed that disaster risk reduction
component was not prioritized in some the flood affected areas of northern
Sindh.
Households covered during emergency phase 2011
Items
|
Households
reached
|
Coverage
|
Plastic
Tarpaulins
|
505,171
|
64%
|
Blankets
|
531,098
|
36%
|
Kitchen
sets
|
101,608
|
14%
|
Tool kits
|
17,939
|
11%
|
Sleeping
Mats and Bedding
|
136,203
|
9%
|
The
monsoon during July 2011 to September disrupted the houses built during the
recovery phase against the rain flood 2010. There were many services providers
served in shelter building of the flood affected peoples but due to with no
resilient power built houses could not stand making flood affected peoples more
vulnerable.
Shelter
cluster was not in collaboration of the wash, education and protection cluster.
Community suffered over the eligibility criteria and package. Government and
NGOs had different packages and model ties for the shelter and housing in 2010
and comprehensive planning at district level was lacking keeping in view the
practical requirements of the flood affected peoples. Beneficiary
identification and vulnerability assessment was the key step was missed for the
intervention in shelter and housing during flood 2010.
During
the flood 2010 Government of Sindh intervened in shelter with the program
called village rehabilitation program. District governments at that time
identified and referred villages for the rehabilitation. Only forty villages
were selected for village model system.
Current Situation:
768,457 flood peoples found their houses lost or damaged as estimated
by Provincial disaster management authority during the emergency phase from
September to December 2011. Currently 100% evacuation of the flood affected peoples has been
reported by the PDMA from the established camps. Reports critically highlighted
the issues and problems faced by the flood affected peoples in camps. It was
reported that more than 60% families were living in unplanned locations and74%
without formal camp management structure. 95% (121,123) of the families in
temporary settlements indicated that their homes were damaged or destroyed.
This was more than was identified in community assessment (58%). With regard to the safety and protection of
the women and children in camp life the situation was not as per requirement.
It was reported by the UNOCHA in MSNA report that 74% (94,348) families
suffered protection issues.
As
per MSNA report 35% rain flood affected areas also witnessed losses in flood
2010 and heavy rain caused partially or fully losses and damages to every
corner of the Sindh but eight districts have suffered recorded damages and
losses in almost every sector. Relief phase was to be started from 1st
of the January to the September 2012 but displaced and flood affected peoples
are observing the nonintervention of any kind against the ERF making people
further vulnerable. It is arguable to believe that government would be able to
rehabilitee the peoples within the seven months of this year.
District Wise Shelter Damages Status
|
||||
S#
|
District
|
Partially Affected
|
Fully Affected
|
Total
|
1
|
Badin
|
60367
|
40764
|
101131
|
2
|
Mirpurkhas
|
59790
|
62187
|
121977
|
3
|
Shaheed Benazirabad
|
43538
|
22652
|
66190
|
4
|
Tando Allahyar
|
15701
|
10603
|
26304
|
5
|
Tando Muhammad Khan
|
25000
|
15000
|
40000
|
6
|
Tharparkar
|
31808
|
33083
|
64891
|
7
|
Umerkot
|
50071
|
52079
|
102150
|
8
|
Sanghar
|
38120
|
39648
|
77768
|
Total
|
324395
|
276016
|
600411
|
|
It does not take great efforts to understand that those who lost
their homes (328,555 families) completely due to the heavy rain could not build
their home keeping in view the income and assets losses flood affected peoples
underwent. 40 percent of households reported that their main economic
activity has been discontinued. An additional 48 percent reported that their
economic activities were disrupted by the flood. On average a household lost
202,550 rupees in income (not taking into account asset losses). This adds up
to a total estimated financial income loss between one trillion to 1.2 trillion
rupees. A total number of households facing severe food insecurity are
estimated at 2.5 million people of whom almost half a million are facing
hunger.
Flood
affected peoples suffered badly in their income generation sources as
agriculture; livestock and labor market whereas 71% were living in their mud
houses with feeble economic conditions to respond any disaster. The picture of
the households’ composition of flood affected peoples unfolds the 6.35% female
headed households and 8.57 elderly and chronically ill household head. The slow
situation of the water recession and two months delayed recovery phase has
further worsened the living conditions of the flood affected peoples in
rebuilding their houses, schools, hospitals and basic infrastructure. Flood
affected peoples are terribly seeking for the cash for work so that they can
sustain their livelihoods and basic infrastructure.
Situation
is critical with regard to the shelter and housing of rain affected peoples in
Sindh. Provincial Disaster management authority claims 100% evacuation of flood
affected peoples from camps but field reports suggest that yet thousands of the
peoples have managed themselves in spontaneous camps to their areas of origin.
Flood affected peoples are living with road sides for the relief services due
to the nonintervention of residual relief services to the areas of the origin.
As per 5th TSSU report 241 number of the settlements are lived by
more than ten thousands families and 55,953 individuals.
Flood affected Peoples are generally suffering in health,
Wash, education, food security and livelihoods sectors. As per report 46%
health facilities damaged and 60% schools. 612,132 numbers of children are deprived
of access to education. 70% Staple food crops were lost whereas 424,366
families lost livestock and 164,881 families sold livestock. Due to the damages
in physical infrastructure and housing 52% families lost latrines to their
returned areas.
Economically
Situation is very feeble of flood affected peoples and income generation
sources are very much starched in flood affected areas of the Sindh. 80% flood
affected people, depended economically on agriculture and livestock which
damaged badly. The loss of trillions of the assets and income of the flood
affected peoples minimized greatly their economic potential to be self reliant.
The construction and repair of the collapsed and damaged houses consume money
at least from one to three lacks. Flood affected situation remains none intervened
due to the two months delayed early recovery phase.
Slow
water recession process and yet 10% inundation situation hampered flood
affected peoples to sustain their lives. Lack of the recovery and developments
projects decreased the economic opportunity for the flood affected peoples.
Since
more than one and half months have passed, revised appeal for early recovery
phase has not been processed for humanitarian funding. The decision of the
Government to initiate the early recovery phase from 1st of the
January 2012 did not come true. The decision of the end of the relief services
and evacuation of the relief camps deteriorated situation further for flood
affected victims. Currently flood affected people are living without relief and
recovery services in Sindh.
Recommendations:
v
Government should start early
recovery framework in flood affected areas as soon as possible.
v
DRR component should be involved
in shelter strategy to improve the resilience of the houses keeping in view the upcoming prediction of
the heavy monsoon in July and September 2012.
v
Community participation through
shelter committees should be encouraged to reflect the ownership and community
customary needs for sustainability.
v
Collaboration with wash, education
and protection shelters with shelter cluster should be promoted further for the
comprehensive planning and response to building shelter.
v
Government should prioritize
shelter with model village concept so that wash, community mobilization, health
and education needs of the flood affected villages can be addressed.
v
Government should prioritize most
vulnerable as female headed households, choric poor and ill, and elderly to
respond effectively.
v Government
should provide temporary shelter to the uncovered needy flood affected families
till the start of the early recovery framework.
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