Prepared and released by
Peoples Accountability Commission on Floods
(PACF)
www.pacf-pakistan.org
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Civil
Society Floods Situation Report
(CSFSR)
11th Release
WASH Situation and Response in Sindh 2011
Prepared and Released by
Peoples Accountability Commission on Floods
Table of Contents
This report
is 11th Civil Society Situation Report on Floods on the Wash
situation in Sindh after the end of emergency phase in December 2011 and the
expected start of the Early Recovery Framework from first of the January
2012. Report contains the primary data
collected by the Peoples Accountability Commission on Floods during the field
visits of the PACF members and District Consultations in highly hit eight
districts Mirpurkhas, Tando allahyar, Tando Muhammad Khan, Badin, Sanghar,
Shaheed Benazirabad, Umerkot and Tharparkar of Sindh.
It has been intended by the Government
authorities to launch the separate early recovery appeal for the period of
January to September 2012 to be finalized yet by the steering committee
Islamabad. New Coordination mechanism is to be developed by the UNDP in the
place of UNOCHA for the ERF at all levels. As per Provincial Wash Cluster
Coordination Meeting minutes conducted on 5th of the January 2012
ERF was to be finalized till 12th January but yet nothing has come out.
Addressing
the seriousness of the issue report says that people affected by disasters are
more likely to become ill and to die from diseases related to inadequate
sanitation and water supplies than from any other single cause. The most
important of these are diarrheal diseases and others transmitted by the oral
route. Their transmission is encouraged by inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene
and contaminated water supplies. Other water and sanitation-related diseases
include those carried by vectors associated with solid waste and water.
The Destruction
and damages to the housing structures, Schools buildings, Health facilities,
and Water and sanitation systems resulted in the complicated health and hygiene
situations after the rain flood 2011 in Sindh. In highly affected districts due
the fully and partially damages of 1,358,157 houses the toilets, bathing
places, protected and piped water sources, huge displacement of the flood
affected peoples, inadequate and unavailability of safe drinking water
facilities in camp life, unhygienic conditions due to the stagnant water
situation, absence of the solid waste management systems and proper drainage of
the disposables. Open defecation has also increased
due to the unavailability of latrines causing negative impact on environmental
health and hygiene situation.
Safe
Drinking water sources damaged 15% after the moon soon 2011 whereas before the
flood over 50% peoples lacked the sources of safe water used through tub-wells,
piped water sources, community taps, wells and bottled water. Health situation
deteriorated and observed water and vector born diseases alerts and
outbreaks. During the relief period 729
water born diseases alerts and 202 vectors born diseases whereas 63 out breaks
for water related diseases were reported. The WASH interventions are still at a
very less focus and local media is regularly reporting the increased number of
gastro/diarrhea cases leading to deaths among flood affectees.
Due to the huge
devastation in rain flood 2011 overall situation with regard to protected
water, sanitation systems, Waste management, and Hygiene conditions
deteriorated 65% exposing 84% food insecure and shelter less flood affected
peoples vulnerable to health situation.
During the
emergency period 2011 overall 70 flood affected peoples in organized or
spontaneous camps had no latrines whereas 35% camps were lacking access to
water. In Districts Sanghar, Tando Allah Yar and Umerkot latrines were
generally quite rare. In Districts Badin, Sanghar, Tando Muhammad Khan and
Umerkot 40% peoples in settlement relied on ponds or canals as the drinking
water.
As per survey out
of the fifty lacks victims of the rain floods 2011 twenty lacks and fifty
thousands (2.5 Million) are in urgent need of the life saving Wash
interventions in Sindh. Immediate needs of flood affected peoples in Wash
sector in Early recovery framework are restoration of basic structures for
latrines, protected water for drinking, Sanitation /Drainages and waste
management. Access to safe drinking water and
sanitation facilities remains a critical issue in flood-affected areas. The
findings of the MSNA indicate that the floods reduced access to piped drinking
water among the affected people and increased the number of people relying on
unprotected and untreated sources of water. A recent WHO report revealed that
up to 87 per cent of water sources tested were unfit for drinking. The number
of people practicing open defecation has also increased. Many returnees have
found their primary settlements and structures damaged and in need of major
rehabilitation and maintenance. As more people return to their homes, the focus
shifts to critical early recovery interventions such as the restoration of
damaged water schemes and social mobilization to support improved hygiene
behavior.
During the
emergency relief services more than 51% needs were not met in WASH sector
multiplying the worst situation for early recovery interventions that have not
started yet. Things would not come on pace if early recovery interventions are
not made timely before the season of moon soon than situation would further
worsen beyond the resistance of the flood affected peoples.
With regard to
the dewatering situation Districts Mirpurkhas, Sanghar and Umerkot are reported
the inundation situation in some areas of the flood affected districts and as
per SUPARKO report currently 12% situation is yet inundated. Local Influential
has obstructed the natural outlets sources of Water challenging the writ of the
Government.
District Consultations on Flood
Situations in Districts Benazirabad, Mirpurkhas, Badin & Tando Allahyar.
And Focus Group Discussions.
Secondary
source of information includes NDMA WASH Strategy, Wash Cluster Meeting held on
5th of the January 2012, Rapid Wash Assessment Report (September
2011), WHO Rapid Assessment (Health), WASH
Cluster Strategic Guidelines 13 November-UNICEF-NDMA1, Situation report No. 15
UNOCHA.
People
affected by disasters are more likely to become ill and to die from diseases
related to inadequate sanitation and water supplies than from any other single
cause. The most important of these are diarrheal diseases and others
transmitted by the oral route. Their transmission is encouraged by inadequate
sanitation, poor hygiene and contaminated water supplies. Other water and
sanitation-related diseases include those carried by vectors associated with
solid waste and water.
The main
purposes of emergency water supply and sanitation programmes are to provide a
minimum quantity of clean drinking water, and to reduce the transmission of
faeco-oral diseases and exposure to disease-bearing vectors. A further
important objective is to help establish the conditions that allow people to
live and to perform daily tasks, such as going to the toilet, and washing with
dignity, comfort and security.
In
most emergency situations the responsibility for procuring water falls to women
and children. However when using communal water and sanitation facilities, for
example in refugee or displaced situations, women and adolescent girls are also
more vulnerable to sexual violence or exploitation. It is important therefore
to encourage women’s participation in water supply and sanitation programmes
wherever possible. Their involvement will help to ensure that the entire
affected population has safe and easy access to water supply and sanitation
services, and that services are equitable and appropriate. Women, adolescents,
unaccompanied minors, children, elderly people and people with disabilities face
the critical situation during the emergency period in wash situation.
The Destruction
and damages to the housing structures, Schools buildings, Health facilities,
and Water and sanitation systems resulted in complicated the health and hygiene
situations after the rain flood 2011 in Sindh. In highly affected districts due
the fully and partially damages of 1,358,157 houses the toilets, bathing places,
protected and piped water sources, huge displacement of the flood affected
peoples, inadequate and unavailability of safe drinking water facilities in
camp life, unhygienic conditions due to the stagnant water situation, absence
of the solid waste management systems and proper drainage of the disposables.
Open defecation has also increased due to the
unavailability of latrines causing negative impact on environmental health and
hygiene situation.
In the sector of
the education the school is the second home for the children and per report in
highly hit eight districts of Sindh namely Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Tando Allahyar,
Tando Adam, Tharparkar, Shaheed Benazirabad, Umerkot and Badin 2989 schools
fully or partially damaged due the moon
soon 2011 resulting in the damages in safe drinking water sources, sanitation
systems and toilets facilities for almost primary schools. As per situation
more than ten lacks children in highly hit ten districts suffered wash
facilities in their homes and schools.
With regard to
the deterioration in heath facilities as per report 115 BHUs and RHCs were
damaged in above mentioned eight districts of the Sindh affected forty lacks
population with unavailability of health facilities. As per report of Daily
Early warning system report over ten lacks peoples were affected with Acute
Diarrhea, Acute Waverly Diarrhea, Bloody Diarrhea. Environment health teams
reported 86% contaminated water due to the pre and post floods situations
whereas 660,436 peoples are without latrines.
Safe Drinking water sources damaged 15% after
the moon soon 2011 whereas before the flood over 50% peoples lacked the sources
of safe water used through tub-wells, piped water sources, community taps,
wells and bottled water. Health situation deteriorated and observed water and
vector born diseases alerts and outbreaks. During the relief period 729 water born
diseases alerts and 202 vectors born diseases whereas 63 out breaks for water
related diseases were reported. The WASH interventions are still at a very
less focus and local media is regularly reporting the increased number of
gastro/diarrhea cases leading to deaths among flood affectees.
Due to the huge
devastation in rain flood 2011 overall situation with regard to protected
water, sanitation systems, Waste management, and Hygiene conditions
deteriorated 65% exposing 84% food insecure and shelter less flood affected
peoples vulnerable to health situation.
With regard to
the relief response in food security, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Shelter/NFIs,
Health the coordination mechanism between Government and Humanitarian partners
failed to generate the funds for mitigation of the emergency situation 2011.
Relief response over all suffered 54% gap against the emergency response plan
2011. Wash situation has suffered 83% less funding against the emergency
requirement 2011. Government authorities has reported 99% evacuation by rain
flood affected peoples from government established camps in emergency phase
where as yet no development has been made yet to respond in early recovery
phase in shelter, education, health and Wash components. Wash situation
stability depends on the integrated approach between the shelter, Health,
Education and cross cutting themes of protection and environment to assure the
gender and environment sensitive approach. It is critically needed to initiate
the practically the Early Recovery Framework for sustainable development to
flood situation before the season of monsoon which is ahead after four months.
Underlying is the Status of Funding status and appealing agencies.
Figure-2: Damages and
Response status in Relief phase rain flood 2011.
Title
|
Appealing Agency
|
Covered
|
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Cluster Coordination
|
UNICEF
|
00%
|
Emergency access to safe water
supply and sanitation for flood affected people in districts Badin and
Khairpur in Sindh Province.
|
Mercy Crops
|
00%
|
Immediate WASH assistance
addressing the life saving needs of
26,440 most vulnerable flood
affected families in eight districts
of Sindh Province
|
UN-HABITAT
|
19%
|
WASH Interventions for
Flood-affected Populations in
Sindh
|
UNICEF
|
23%
|
Water quality surveillance,
waterborne disease prevention
and
control
|
WHO
|
57%
|
Emergency Humanitarian Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (Wash)
Response for Vulnerable Flood Affected Populations in Sindh
Province
|
ACF
|
100%
|
WASH Assistance for Flood CW
Affected
Populations in Sindh
|
CW
|
00%
|
Improving Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Conditions in
Flood-affected Lower Sindh
|
IMC
|
100%
|
Relief and Early Recovery WASH
Interventions for flood-affected
populations in Sindh province
|
IRC
|
00%
|
Provision of basic WASH support
to flood affected population of Sindh
|
Muslim Aid
|
00%
|
Pakistan Flood Emergency WASH
Response in Sindh and Balochistan
Provinces
|
OXFAM GB
|
17%
|
Emergency WASH Assistance in Sindh
|
OXFAM NOVIB
|
00%
|
GBV prevention through gender
sensitive WASH facilities
|
UN Women
|
00%
|
Rubble removal through cash for
work and provision of de-watering
Units
|
UNDP
|
00%
|
WASH Emergency Support and
Assistance to Pakistan’s Flood
Affected People in Sindh
|
WVI
|
15%
|
Emergency water supply,
sanitation services and hygiene promotion
support for flood affected
population in Sindh (Benazirabad Abad district, 4
talukas)
|
Solidarities’
|
00%
|
To provide assistance to the flood
affected communities through
improved access to clean water,
sanitation and hygiene practices
|
SC
|
00%
|
Total Funding Status
|
All Appealing Agencies
|
19%
|
During the
emergency period 2011 overall 70 percent flood affected peoples in organized or
spontaneous camps had no latrines whereas 35% camps were lacking access to
water. In Districts Sanghar, Tando Allah Yar and Umerkot latrines were
generally quite rare. In Districts Badin, Sanghar, Tando Muhammad Khan and
Umerkot 40% peoples in settlement relied on ponds or canals as the drinking
water.
Lack of
meaningful access of the flood affected peoples in camps to safe drinking water
and unmet needs for hygiene promotion for the peoples in camps inflicted health
issues and problems particularity for mall nourished children and elderly
peoples. Dignity and privacy of the women were at stake in camp life as per
observation of our PACF team.
As per survey out
of the fifty lacks victims of the rain floods 2011 twenty lacks and fifty
thousands (2.5 Million) are in urgent need of the life saving Wash
interventions in Sindh. Immediate needs of flood affected peoples in Wash
sector in Early recovery framework are restoration of basic structures for
latrines, protected water for drinking, Sanitation /Drainages and waste
management. Access to safe drinking water and
sanitation facilities remains a critical issue in flood-affected areas. The
findings of the MSNA indicate that the floods reduced access to piped drinking
water among the affected people and increased the number of people relying on
unprotected and untreated sources of water. A recent WHO report revealed that
up to 87 per cent of water sources tested were unfit for drinking. The number
of people practicing open defecation has also increased. Many returnees have
found their primary settlements and structures damaged and in need of major
rehabilitation and maintenance. As more people return to their homes, the focus
shifts to critical early recovery interventions such as the restoration of
damaged water schemes and social mobilization to support improved hygiene behavior.
As per decision of the Government to
stop the relief services in response to the emergency rain flood on 31st
December 2011 and start of Early Recovery Framework from January 2012 it has
been found that revision of the Flash Appeal for per early recovery Framework
was put on hold at federal level. The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) decided
that all Clusters will continue with the original flash appeal Sep 2011 to
March 2012 and revision on the basis of ER framework will be done for Jan – Sep
2012. WHO Representative
presented the technical details of Cholera outbreaks, Epidemiology, sources of
infection, symptoms, prevention, and Disinfection due to the unhygienic
conditions in flood affected areas of Sindh. Keeping in view the last week
cholera update in District Jamshoro and District Badin WHO representative
suggested integrated approach to respond holistically to the emerging
challenges in Wash and such outbreaks and alerts in health sector.
In the flood
affected areas, many of the commonly used water sources, such as hand pumps and
piped water, are no longer useable and people are resorting to alternative
water sources, often unprotected. After the floods, an estimated one million
people are using unprotected water sources. In addition, many people have been
displaced and are currently living in roadside camps where water supply may be
limited. Since the floods there is a 10 percent decrease in the number of
people getting water from protected sources and 5 percent decrease in piped
water sources.
Unfortunately,
treatment of water before use is not widely practiced in Sindh and 91 percent
of households in Sindh do not treat the water before drinking. Due to the
decline in the use of protected water sources and the limited practice of water
treatment it is likely that the incidence of water‐borne infectious illnesses
will increase.
An
estimated 40 percent of the protected water sources are not yet functional. 32
percent is partially damaged and 8 percent is fully nonfictional. Similarly, 49
percent of the piped water and 58 percent of the tanker sources were fully non
functional.
Open defecation
is the most common sanitation practice in Sindh and due to the damage incurred
on sanitation systems in place the practice of open defecation has increased
72% among the flood affected population, mainly in Sindh. The health risk
particularly for young children walking and playing around barefoot is obvious.
Hand
washing is difficult. Most of the communities reported not having soap available
in places of hand washing and there are few places for hand washing in the communities
(14%) There are few communities with separate bathing facilities for women
(7%).
In most of the flood affected
areas the waste water (both grey and black) was openly released in water bodies
such as rivers, streams, canals and water channels. After the floods this
situation has even worsened. Ecological sanitation is also being hit by
releasing the organic matter in environment.
Wash cluster
members have provided clean drinking water to more than 1.2 million flood
affected people in Sindh, sanitation facilities to about 480,000 families,
family hygiene kits to nearly 1.3 million people and hygiene sessions to more
than 1.5 million people. The table below summarizes the cluster’s overall
achievement and gaps during emergency relief period 2011.
Figure-2:
Assessed Needs, Response and Gaps
Assessed Needs
|
Response beneficiaries
|
Gaps
|
2.5 Million
|
Water: 1,220,549
|
51%
|
Sanitation: 479,209
|
40%
|
|
Hygiene Sessions
|
39%
|
During
the emergency relief services more than 51% needs were not met in WASH sector
multiplying the worst situation for early recovery interventions that have not
started yet. Things would not come on pace if early recovery interventions are
not made timely before the season of moon soon than situation would further
worsen beyond the resistance of the flood affected peoples.
With regard to
the dewatering situation Districts Mirpurkhas, Sanghar and Umerkot are reported
the inundation situation in some areas of the flood affected districts and as
per SUPARKO report currently 12% situation is yet inundated. Local Influential
has obstructed the natural outlets sources of Water challenging the writ of the
Government.
A House of Village Piro Lashari District Tando Allahyar
|
Mr. Abdul Qadir belonging to the village Piro
Lashari in District Tando allahyar was special with one leg was requesting for
wheel chairs because he pointed out that the temporary latrines established by
the UNICF could not be used by him due the his specialty. He demanded that
special needs should be met so that vulnerable could also be benefited with the
wash services being provided to the flood affected peoples.
While
the field visit at Taluka Jhudo at Mirpurkhas flood affected peoples briefed
that situation of inundation is yet prevalent in the some areas of the Taluka
with the complicated situation of damages of houses and food insecurity peoples
did not prioritize Wash interventions. Mr. Gulfam uttered that a man with empty
belly and completely damaged house cannot prioritize the wash intervention in
the area.
It
was observed in District Badin that peoples were using contaminated water for
kitchen, Cloth cleaning and drinking causing many health problems and diseases
as gastro and Dhiarria. Contaminated water was the key challenge flooded
peoples were undergoing.
Bathing
and toilets facilities in houses and schools have been partially or fully
damaged creating lack of the wash facilities in flood affected districts. The
common demand from the flood affected peoples were raised in front of the
Peoples Accountability commission on floods that shelter and reconstructions of
the physical damages of the infrastructure should be prioritized so that
sustainability can be assured. Handicapped
peoples should be prioritized for wash facility with assuring the privacy and
dignity of the women and Girls for minimizing the vulnerable situation.
There are four months left to the monsoon season. Sindh is
already struggling with several challenges, including aftermath of two years of
flooding in Sindh. Efforts should be prioritized to rehabilitate the flood
survivors before next monsoon.
Reports find that still projects for early recovery framework
are being discussed after the phase of relief phase on 31st December
and yet projects have to go for final approval by steering committee and
initiation. Efforts should be expedited to finalise the Early Recovery projects
($ 440 Million required) so that deteriorating situation can be curtailed after
rain flood 2011.
Disaster Insurance for vulnerable communities should be
introduced so that flood victims no longer depend on government response or
donors for finance. In this regard World Bank can be contacted for financial
model and mechanism to generate disaster risk financing.
Districts Wash profiles should be prepared and districts
focal points for wash cluster should avoid their absence in the coordination
meetings held at districts level.
The
early recovery sanitation related projects should ensure that direct release of
untreated or partially treated sewage water in streams, rivers, irrigation
systems and other natural habitats is not done. The approved national
environmental quality standards should be followed in this regard.
The
concept of ecological sanitation should be followed while designing a
sanitation scheme during the early recovery and rehabilitation phases. The
ecological sanitation takes into consideration prevention of diseases,
promotion of health, protection of environment, conservation of water and
recycling of nutrients and organic matter.
Keeping in view the population growth of Sindh, the
challenges has been increased. It has been reviewed that addition in budget has
been only 0.475 Billion to the water and sanitation under budget 2011-12. The government
should include more than 5 billion Rupees to water and sanitation related
Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) to get the WASH sector back on the track
in the situation of disaster.
While
developing a sewerage system where possible grey water (i.e. water from
laundry, dishwashing and bathing) should be separated from black water (water
from toilets). Grey water requires less effort to treat as compared with to
black water. The grey water can be made stable for irrigation purpose as well
as pour-flush latrines after normal treatment.
In
the rural and semi-urban setups treatment of wastewater through constructed
wetlands can be easily done. The sanitation programs should preferably apply
this system especially in the water deficient areas.
Where livestock is more biogas plants could be another option
to deal with sanitation and energy needs. To avoid water contamination maintain
at least 60 meter distance between latrines/ waste dumps/ sewerage system and
water supply sources i.e. bored wells, dug wells, natural springs or streams.
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